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  5. Events health and safety

Events health and safety

7 minute read• Last updated: 31 January 2026

Event organisers have a duty of care for the safety of everyone involved, from staff, suppliers and volunteers to attendees and the general public. Delivering a safe event not only meets your legal responsibilities but ensures everyone has a positive experience. 

You are responsible for managing safety throughout all stages of the event lifecycle, and the level of detail in your planning should be proportionate to the scale and risk of the event. You can ensure you’ve fulfilled your responsibilities by learning and reading about all the applicable requirements and creating plans to ensure all the relevant partners are well informed. 

In this article:

  • Creating a plan - event safety documentation 
  • Key information sources
  • Licences and permissions
  • Working with key safety partners
  • Transport and traffic management planning
  • Crowd management, stewarding and security

Creating a plan - event safety documentation 

Fireworks explode in night sky over Edinburgh

Hogmanay fireworks

© VisitScotland / Kenny Lam

Although not a legal requirement, it is best practice to document your approach to planning, managing and assessing event risks. By doing this, you show to everyone involved in the delivery of your event  that your event is trustworthy and reliable. 

The level of detail in your documentation should be proportionate to the scale, nature and activities of your event. Most events should create an overarching Event Management Plan (EMP) – sometimes called an Event Safety Plan – which acts as the primary reference point for key partners and for your workforce. Where relevant, you might need additional documentation such as a Crowd Management Plan alongside your EMP and ongoing Risk Assessments. 

If you are new to event planning, the guidance signposted below explains how to approach developing an Event Management Plan and supporting documentation. 

Your EMP may include the following plans:  

  • venue/site/zone layouts 
  • traffic management 
  • medical 
  • fire management  
  • security deployment 
  • showstop procedures  
  • crisis communications 
  • vulnerable adults & children procedures 
  • contingencies for major or mass casualty incidents

Some health and safety issues may require specialist technical knowledge that your team may not have in-house. In these cases, you should seek competent external advice from qualified subject matter experts to develop your plans and ensure your event meets current regulations, applicable laws, industry standards and best practice.  

These specialists can also provide guidance on risk assessments, planning and control measures to help keep staff, contractors and attendees safe. 

Your local authority may be able to suggest potential contractors, or you can look around on industry networks, publications and Linkedin.  

 

Key information sources

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Regulations and guidance for event safety 

Whatever your knowledge of health and safety, there are a series of guides created specifically for event organisers which are the best place to start. Created by a partnership of experts, these guides give practical, detailed advice on planning and delivering a safe event. There is a guide for: 

  • Outdoor events – Purple Guide 
  • Small outdoor events (up to 500 attendees) – Purple Guide Lite 
  • Sports ground and stadia – Green Guide 
  • Indoor entertainment venues – Yellow Guide

Guidance for outdoor events 

The Purple Guide is widely recognised by event organisers, suppliers and local authorities as the standard guidance for running outdoor events. It offers practical, detailed advice on planning and managing safe events of all sizes, from large festivals to community fairs.  

Originally produced by the Health & Safety Executive, the Purple Guide has been managed and continually developed by the Events Industry Forum since 2012. It operates on a not-for-profit basis, with funds from guide sales used to support industry development projects.  

A 12-month subscription costs £60 including VAT for the full guide. Subscribers receive:  

  • Full online access to all current and updated chapters.  
  • Notification of updates and new content.  
  • Regular e-bulletins about legislation changes and industry developments.  
  • Subscribe to the Purple Guide 

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Guidance for smaller outdoor events 

A Purple Guide Lite version of the guide is available for small-scale outdoor events (up to 500 attendees) for £12 (including VAT) a year. Aimed at community or volunteer-led organisers, it covers all key delivery aspects and includes a practical Event Management Plan template.   

Subscribe to the Purple Guide Lite.   

Guidance for sports grounds and stadia  

The Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds (also known as the Green Guide) provides specific information on maintaining health and safety for events taking place within sports grounds and stadiums. 

The guide costs £95 (including VAT).  

Purchase the Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds (Green Guide) - SGSA.  

Guidance for theatres and indoor venues  

If you organise events in indoor entertainment spaces, the Association of British Theatre Technicians (ABTT) offers guidance through the Technical Standards for Places of Entertainment – often referred to as the Yellow Guide. It outlines safety standards for buildings and equipment used in performances and is recognised by the Health & Safety Executive.  

While focused on indoor environments, some guidance may be relevant to outdoor stage setups too.  

For more information visit the Association of British Theatre Technicians (ABTT) website.  

Other legislation to be aware of 

Under the Health & Safety at Work etc Act 1974, employers must ensure workplaces are safe for staff, visitors and contractors, so far as is reasonably practicable. Employees must also take reasonable care for their own health and safety and co-operate to meet legal requirements. 

The Health and Safety Executive has a dedicated section on their website to help event organisers with step-by-step guides, downloads and links to more information.   

Find out more from the Health and Safety Executive. 

Water safety  

If you are organising an event on or near water, you must consider specific additional health and safety considerations. Water Safety Scotland has information and guidance about staying safe in and around Scotland’s waters with practical, activity-specific advice.  

  • Guidance for Activity Providers  
  • Guidance for Activity Users  

Water Safety Scotland also provides digital materials to help you raise public awareness of the Water Safety Code. 

Find out more about Water Safety Scotland.   

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution also provides helpful advice and tips across a range of water-related pursuits and have a range of toolkits and digital assets available around water safety.  

Find out more about the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.   

Licences and permissions

As the event organiser you are responsible for having the correct licences and permissions in place to hold your event safely and responsibly.  

Contact the relevant teams within the event’s local authority area to find out about relevant guidance and licensing requirements. This process can take time so make contact as early as possible. 

Some of the main licences often required at events include:   

  • Public entertainment licence – required if you want to provide entertainment for members of the public such as a concert, festival, fireworks display or similar. Fees vary depending on the type and the capacity of the event and some exemptions apply. Your local authority should have a full list of what they class as entertainment.  
  • Public procession order – any moving event held in a public place anywhere in Scotland considered as either a parade or procession. Event organisers must notify the local authority and Police Scotland.  
  • Market operators' licence – required if there are a number of stalls or units which are selling to members of the public. Some exemptions may apply (eg for charities).  
  • Street trader licence – if you plan to sell goods or services on the street (eg a box office or merchandise unit out with your licenced event footprint).   
  • Occasional licence (alcohol) – required if alcohol is for sale from unlicensed premises in Scotland for a limited time (eg one-off events in a venue which does not already have a premises licence). Applications are considered by the Licensing Board. There may be exemptions or reduced fees for certain types of events, eg those organised by voluntary organisations.  
  • PPL PRS (music licence) – required if there will be recorded or live music played.  
  • Public charitable collection permit – required if there is a "bucket collection" on the day.   
  • Section 89 – if you intend to have a raised structure (stage, viewing platform, stand or similar) you will need to apply for a permit in accordance with Section 89 of the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982.   
  • Film or TV permission – if you plan to show film/TV footage.  
  • Land permission – it’s important for organisers of outdoor events to liaise with any relevant land managers. The Scottish Outdoor Access Code provides guidance to indicate when organisers must specifically ask for land managers’ permission. 

Air safety

  • If you plan to include fireworks, high impact lighting effects (such as lasers and search lights), special effects and air displays as part of the entertainment programme, these could distract or even endanger aircraft and relevant authorities must be notified.   
  • Drones used for capturing imagery and for crowd management purposes also require co-ordination through the relevant authorities. In line with the UK’s aviation law, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) states that anybody flying a drone for commercial reasons must obtain permission from the CAA.   
  • Helicopters may be used at events to transport performers and dignitaries and to capture/relay live aerial imagery. Aerial filming is subject to various regulations, and permits may be required for certain types of events. The helicopter operator should be able to guide you through the permissions process.   

Safety Advisory Group (SAG) liaison is required as part of planning for the above activities and in most cases the CAA will need to be notified in advance so that they can alert pilots and air traffic control of your planned activities. Permissions may be required and/or restrictions imposed in certain circumstances and the CAA may issue a NOTAM (Notice to Aviation) to notify other airspace users of your planned activity.   

Visit UK Civil Aviation Authority for more information on events and displays.   

Check out the Purple Guide for further information. 

Working with key safety partners

As the event organiser, you hold overall responsibility for the event, however in many cases a partnership approach is necessary with key national agencies. Make sure that your planning and risk management processes reflect the input of these partners. 

Your main partner is likely to be your local authority.

 

Medical providers 

The level of medical provision required depends on your capacity, audience profile, and other factors, and should be determined by a risk assessment. A detailed medical plan should consider all phases of delivery (build, event, break) and address mental health, safeguarding of children and vulnerable adults, and contingencies.  

Smaller events may require only basic first aid provision. Large scale events with more risk or impact on the local NHS service may require a team of qualified medical professionals, on-site facilities, and patient transfer arrangements for those requiring onward hospital care. The Scottish Ambulance Service (SAS) may participate in your Safety Advisory Group (SAGs) and offer guidance in planning and resource allocation – with each event evaluated on a case-by-case basis so early engagement is encouraged.  

If medical professionals and associated equipment and vehicles are required, the SAS Events Team can provide structured, professional medical support at large-scale events.    

Visit Scottish Ambulance Service for more information or speak to your local authority for guidance.  

There is also a market for private medical providers for events, but it is important to ensure provision aligns with standards in line with relevant industry guidance, for example the Purple Guide for outdoor events.  

Policing

Police Scotland is the national police force for Scotland and can support you in delivering a safe event, though overall responsibility remains with you as the event organiser.    

Event organisers, landowners, and local authorities should notify Police Scotland about their planned event(s) at the earliest opportunity. It can then be established if any police support is needed and what level.     

To notify Police Scotland, send them an email to request a notification form. Email the relevant Emergency, Event and Resilience Planning Unit for your area requesting the Form 107-001:  

west of Scotland email OSDEventsWest@scotland.pnn.police.uk.     

everywhere else email OSDEvents@scotland.police.uk.   

Find out more about Police Scotland's services and work in events.   

Cost of policing at events  

Police Scotland will seek to recover the costs of their support for certain events. Generally, the more commercial an event is, the more likely it will be to attract full cost recovery. Charitable or community events are less likely to be charged unless arranged on a commercial basis, and this would be considered in the overall charge assessment.  

Once you’ve confirmed your plans, Police Scotland will check your event against a series of criteria to see how much the provision of police services will cost. This assessment will indicate full or no cost recovery.   

You should clarify this with your Police Scotland contact at the earliest opportunity so you can budget accordingly. Cost recovery is based on services only – the police do not look to make a profit but also want to ensure that event organisers do not profit at their expense either.

Organising parades and marches   

The organiser of a march or parade must formally notify the relevant local authority and Police Scotland at least 28 days before the event.    

Scottish Government provide more detailed guidance and information on parades and marches and how to work with local authorities on these.  

  

Fire Safety

For larger scale events, it may be necessary for Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS) to provide dedicated resource to your event (personnel and/or equipment/appliances) for which there may be a cost. See the scale of charges for 2025 on the Scottish Fire and Rescue service website. 

Stadiums and theatres will likely have an existing fire management plan which should be reviewed in line with the relevant guidance.   

Fire risk must be assessed for all events (including outdoor) and documented in a fire management plan. This should include requirements for fire-fighting equipment and emergency response procedures. 

  • For events with a SAG, the SFRS typically participate. They may request a site visit to identify access routes and water sources.  
  • SFRS can also respond to other types of emergency incidents to help keep people safe (eg water rescues and dealing with hazardous materials) so it’s important they are aware of your event. 

 ​​​​​​Please consult the relevant guide for your event:

  • Purple Guide for outdoor events
  • Green Guide for sports grounds  
  • Yellow Guide for entertainment buildings

Safety Advisory Groups (SAGs)  

Depending on the scale and location of your event, you may be required to take part in a Safety Advisory Group (SAG) process.    

SAGs (or similar multi-agency meetings) provide an important forum for discussing and advising on public safety at an event. They help you with the planning and management of an event and encourage cooperation and coordination between all relevant agencies. They can be a great way of you accessing specialist advice, guidance and support.  

SAGs are usually co-ordinated by a local authority and are attended by a representative of the event organiser, the local authority, emergency services, and other relevant bodies. However, not all areas operate a formal process.    

Find out more about Safety Advisory Groups (SAG) from the Health & Safety Executive.    

Welfare

Having a dedicated welfare team can enhance customer service and support event safety. Welfare teams can:  

  • Manage lost property.  
  • Help vulnerable attendees.  
  • Oversee the plan for lost children and vulnerable adults 
  • Manage rest areas.  
  • Connect attendees with support services for alcohol, drugs, sexual health, or mental health.  
  • Liaise with on-site medical staff and local services including social workers and counsellors.  

Organisers should consider guidance and training for their workforce to support the wellbeing of attendees and colleagues. This could include:  

  • Active bystander training – dealing with inappropriate behaviour.  
  • Ask for Angela – a safety initiative for vulnerable individuals.  
  • Drink aware – alcohol awareness resources.  
  • Spike aware UK – guidance and posters to help recognise and respond to spiking incidents.  
  • GOV.UK guidance on spiking  – more information on spiking. 

Transport and traffic management planning

Citylink Edinburgh

It’s important to consider how your event might impact transport networks and outline any necessary measures for attendees, participants and your workforce in your Event Traffic Management Plan.  

For larger events you should inform relevant transport stakeholders as early as possible, especially for high-attendance events, and share supporting data such as audience demographics and modes of transport if known.  

For more complex events, a Transport Subgroup of the  SAG may be formed to review detailed plans with key partners such as the local authority, Police Scotland, Transport Scotland, ScotRail/Network Rail, local bus providers and, where relevant, British Transport Police.  

These partners can help coordinate road closures, parking suspensions and security measures including Hostile Vehicle Mitigation (HVM). They can also advise on any planned roadworks or rail line engineering that may affect your event or attendees’ travel.  

Find out about upcoming major events and planned roadworks at Traffic Scotland.  

Find out about upcoming engineering rail works at ScotRail.  

Where temporary restrictions to roads or public rights of way are needed, a Temporary Traffic Regulation Order (TTRO) may be required. Your local authority will guide you  through the application process. 

Crowd management, stewarding and security

Crowds in front of music festival stage

The TRNSMT Festival

Crowd management 

Crowd management is about creating a safe and secure environment through careful planning, organisation and monitoring of large gatherings of people. It is especially important for larger events, which must also prepare for major incidents and emergencies. 

Creating a plan 

If your event is large, complex or has a high-risk profile, you should create a Crowd Management Plan. This should be prepared by an experienced individual who can identify risks and ways to mitigate them.   

The plan should include: 

  • potential risks 
  • mitigation measures 
  • roles and responsibilities 
  • crowd management monitoring and control measures 

In some cases, trained safety stewards or safety contractors should be appointed, depending on the outcome of the risk assessment. 

Further guidance and resources: 

  • Managing crowds safely - HSE – guidance from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). 
  • The Purple Guide – includes a dedicated chapter on crowd management for outdoor events. 
  • UK Crowd Management Association – offers a guide on good practice for crowd management. 
  • Words Matter – The Language of Crowds (2025) – published by the Global Crowd Management Alliance®, this guide talks about the correct language to use for communicating crowd safety information. 
  • Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds (Green Guide) - SGSA – the definitive guide to managing ground capacity at sports events.

2023 UCI Cycling World Championships volunteers.

Stewarding and security 

The level of stewarding and security needed at your event will depend on a variety of factors, such as: 

  • the size of the crowd 
  • whether alcohol is being consumed 
  • level of high-profile artists or dignitaries in attendance 
  • the current UK threat level 

If stewarding or security is needed, make sure to appoint contractors with the right skills, experience and available staff levels for the type and size of your event.   

  • General stewards can assist with tasks like checking tickets and directing attendees. 
  • Stewards can be licensed by the Security Industry Authority (SIA) which regulates the private security industry. Only SIA-licensed stewards can undertake certain activities eg handling conflict and complex situations. 
  • Detection or ‘sniffer’ dogs may be required to support the work of stewards (and police) particularly when a zero-tolerance drug policy exists and there is a known risk of illegal substances entering an event.  

Having the right security can prevent unauthorised access that could lead to the theft or damage of equipment, or deter malicious activity at the venue. 

Further guidance, including on counter terrorism:

NPSA – Public Premises & Events 

Green Guide 

Purple Guide

Zone Ex – outside the event 

The event footprint is the defined area where your event takes place and where you have direct control. It typically includes stages, activity zones, concessions, entrances, exits, back-of-house areas and other operational spaces. 

Zone Ex refers to the area outside the event footprint where crowds may gather, including entrances, exits and nearby public spaces. These areas can carry specific risks, especially in busy urban locations or at large-scale events and often have shared responsibility with partners. 

Organisers should assess potential risks in Zone Ex areas as part of your overall safety planning. For larger events, it may be appropriate to create a dedicated Zone Ex plan. This should clearly outline boundaries, responsibilities and command and communication procedures between delivery partners – such as the local authority, transport providers and emergency services. 

A Zone Ex plan may also help manage risks associated with crowd movement between venues, transport hubs and other key locations. 

Further guidance: 

  • For outdoor events –  The Purple Guide 
  • For sports grounds and stadia –  Zone Ex – SGSA 

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